Master in Criminalistics

1st PART: CRIMINALISTICS (mandatory)

1. CRIMINALISTICS: IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES

   This subject analyzes the different definitions of criminalistics, examining the most important of them. In addition, it teaches how to properly and critically evaluate the existing criminological methods. Some of the topics included are:

   CRIMINALISTICS

   Object, content, and parts of Criminalistics. Terminology in Criminalistics. Philosophy of Criminalistics. Periods of criminal investigation that coincide with those of Criminalistics. Its importance in the 21st century.

   THE IDENTIFICATION

   History. The anthropometric method of Alfonso Bertillón. The physical review of Olóriz. Identification classes. Legally valid identification systems.

   DERMATOGLYPHICS AND DACTYLOSCOPY

   Division of dermatoglyphics. What is a dermatoglyph. Classification of dermatiglyphs. History of dermatoglyphics. Papillary ridges. Cutaneous excretions. White lines. Influence of papillary ridges. Introduction and concept of dactyloscopy. Papillary ridge abnormalities. Digital systems. Classification of the fingerprints by the number of deltas. Types of fingerprints in the Oloriz system. Formulation of fingerprints. Development of latent fingerprints of papillary ridges. Summary of fingerprint developers. Fingerprint matching. Conclusions of the First International Summit on Fingerprinting.

2. CRIMINALISTICS APPLIED TO CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

   Criminalistics is an essential tool for the investigation of crimes. In this subject, emphasis is placed on Forensic Anthropology, whose objective is the identification of the corpse, explaining the causes of death, and the finding of possible clues. Topics include:

   FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY

   Most important support techniques of Forensic Anthropology. Science at the service of research. Forensic Dentistry. Cheiloscopy. Forensic Anthropology today. The classification of the human species.

   BODY IDENTIFICATION

   Basis of body identification. The problem of body identification. Mode of operation in cadaveric remains on surface. Mode of operation in buried cadaveric remains. Identification of corpses in major catastrophes or mass disasters. Autopsy in airplane crashes.

   CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

   Introduction to the theory of criminal investigation. Qualities of a good criminal investigator. General aspects and characteristics of criminal investigation. Criminal investigation and criminal policy. Policing technique. Purpose of the criminal investigation. Criminalistics introduction to the concept of evidence. Research planning. Methodology of criminal investigation. Phases in the research process. General systematics of criminal investigation. The 10 principles of the systematics of operations research. Characteristics of operations research. Asset investigations.  

3. VISUAL INSPECTION TECHNIQUES

   The success of a criminal investigation depends to a large extent on the proper conduct of the visual inspection at the crime scene. Given its importance, some of the topics that are analyzed in this subject are:

   VISUAL INSPECTION AND POLICING TECHNIQUE

   Purposes of the visual inspection. Transfer theory or Locard's principle. Principles and methodology of visual inspection. Phases of the visual inspection. Examples of concrete cases. Summary of the visual inspection in general. Preparation of the report, certificate, or visual inspection diligence.

   STAINS AND TRACES. DNA

   Biological signs. Biological evidence analysis system. Non-biological evidence. Plastic materials from the bumper of the vehicle. What is DNA. DNA replication and recombination. Where is the best DNA to identify.

   FOOTPRINTS, TIRE TRACKS, AND OTHER TYPES OF FOOTPRINTS

   Footprints of technical police interest. Tire tracks. Other footprints. Ear prints.

   SIGNS AND MARKS OF FORCE ON THINGS

   Signs and tool marks. Investigation procedures in relation to marks and signs of force on things. 

4. GEMOLOGY

   This subject studies the composition of minerals and gems, their physical properties, origin and deposits, treatments of various kinds, the types of cuts that enhance the beauty of gems, synthetic minerals and their characteristics, as well as the properties of these materials that mimic natural gems. Among the topics covered are:

   MINERALOGY

   Classification of minerals by chemical criteria. Classification of minerals by genetic criteria. Classification of minerals by geological criteria. Classification of minerals by geochemical criteria. Classification of minerals by the criteria of what they form. Classification of minerals by mining criteria. Gemological classification of minerals. Petrography. Deposits. Physical properties of minerals.

   COLOR

   What is color from the human subjective point of view and from the physical and technical point of view. Color composition. Coloring elements. Complex light phenomena of gems. Basic definitions in colorimetry. Cause of the color of the gems. Factors that influence the color of a gemstone. The measurement of color in gems today. Colorimetric classification of cut diamonds. Method used by the Bangkok laboratory. Specific problems of color measurement in gems.

   INCLUSIONS IN GEMS

   Importance of inclusions in gems. Method of study of inclusions. Classification of inclusions.

   PROCESSING AND IMPROVEMENT OF GEMMOLOGICAL MATERIALS

   Stability of energetic treatments and their duration. Stones that lose color in daylight. Alphabetical list of gemstones that can undergo gemological treatments. Properties to take into account when sizing. Weighting of the factors influencing the choice of the size of a gemstone. Gem processing and trade.

5. DOCUMENTOSCOPY

   In this subject, in addition to the necessary historical review, the basic parameters that a good documentoscopy technician must have and that serve to solve practical problems are studied. Some of the topics included are:

   GENERALITIES OF DOCUMENTOSCOPY

   Most important definitions in the field of writing sciences. Case study of a documentoscopy department. Issues that can be resolved in a documentoscopy department.

   THE PAPER

   Pre-paper writing materials. Historical introduction to paper. Operations during paper manufacturing. Types of paper. Identification of the paper by its intrinsic properties. Microscopic study of paper fibers. Age of a paper.

   THE INK

   History. Composition of inks. Types of inks. Study of inks from the forensic aspect. Evaluation and analysis of inks. The latest techniques in ink identification. Age of the inks. Latest advances in ink dating. Ink color measurement devices.

   PRINTING SYSTEMS

   History of printing systems. Classic printing systems.

6. GRAPHISTICS

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the operation of a handwriting expert, developing analytical skills to be able to assess the writings and signatures that may come into their hands. Some of the topics covered are:

   HISTORY OF GRAPHISTICS

   GRAPHONOMICS

   Elementary graphonomicsl. Laws of writing. The fundamental principles of writing. Laws of writing. Laws of personality and writing. Decalogue of the scientific principles of graphonomics and graphistics. Natural modifications of the handwriting. Summary of the natural causes of handwriting modifications. Probability that two people have the same handwriting. Used graphonomic terminology. Graphonomic classification of handwriting. The four basic families of graphonomics.

   HANDWRITING COMPARISONS

   Main comparison systems. Development of the method for hand writing  comparison. The problem of comparing reproductions by mechanical or electronic means. Comparisons of the graffiti on the walls. Standards for obtaining samples for comparison. Determination of the degree of suitability of the pieces submitted for comparison. Locard's handwriting comparisons. Examination of the questioned document. Comparison procedure. How to perform the comparison. General characteristics. Theory of gestures-types or idioms. Interpretation of differences. Spelling. A writing in an unknown alphabet should not be appraised. Practical example of a positive graphonomic comparison.

   SIGNATURE COMPARISONS

   What is the signature and its differences with the writing. Forgery systems in signatures. Generalities of signature analysis. Parameters and value constants to be analyzed in the signatures for subsequent comparison. Is it possible to determine the author of a forged signature? Methodology when there are many doubtful signatures to be compared. The latest trends in signature comparison. Sample signature comparison report.

7. GRAPHONOMICS: SPACE AND FORM

   Graphonomics is a predominantly descriptive technique that studies only the structural aspect of handwriting. Some of the topics covered in this subject are:

   INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHONOMICS

   Most important definitions in the field of writing sciences. Basis of graphonomics. General information about writing. Introduction to the laws of writing. Laws of personality and writing. Decalogue of the scientific principles of graphonomics and graphistics. Natural modifications of the handwriting. Basic principles of graphonomics. Graphonomic classification of handwriting. 

   ORDER AND DISTRIBUTION IN GRAPHONOMICS

   BLACK AND WHITE. THE LAYOUT AND DIVISION OF SPACE

   Graphopathological peculiarities. The full stop. Zonal space. Space zones. Space division.

   DIMENSION, PROPORTION, DIRECTION, AND INCLINATION

   
   

   THE SHAPE

8. PRESSURE, MOVEMENT, AND STROKES IN GRAPHONOMICS

   This subject complements everything studied in the previous subject. Some of the topics studied are:

   THE SHAPE II

   Trends in Shape. For its aesthetics. The gesture-types. The links or colligation. 

   THE PRESSURE

   Tension. Caliber. Depth. Cleanliness. Relief. Gestures typical of the pressure or stroke behavior. Types dependent on several factors. The stroke.

   THE MOVEMENT

   Degrees or types of movement. Speed. Continuity.

   INITIAL AND FINAL STROKES

2nd PART: SPECIALIZATION IN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (elective)

1. HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION

   Homicide is not the most frequently committed crime, but it is the one that attracts the most media attention and the most serious, especially when it is considered murder. This subject examines the usual procedures in the investigation of these crimes. Profiling techniques used in the capture of serial killers are studied. The particularities of sexual homicides are also addressed. In addition, three scientific disciplines are included that provide very valuable data for criminal investigation: Edaphology, Palynology, and Entomology. Some of the topics addressed are:

   HOMICIDE TYPOLOGY

   Sexual. Unknown. Organized. Multiple homicides. Ritual and/or sectarianism. For honor. Terrorism and political motives. For various reasons. For domestic violence.

   POLICE INVESTIGATION OF HOMICIDES  

   Visual inspection. Witness statements. Forensic report. Operational research. Criminal profiling techniques.

   INVESTIGATION OF THE SERIAL CRIMINAL. PROFILING TECHNIQUES

   FBI Methodology. The British model. The VERA method. Geographic profiling.

   SEXUAL HOMICIDE INVESTIGATION 

   Causes of death in sexual homicide. Modalities of sexual assault and visual inspection. Types of sexual homicide.

   FORENSIC SOIL SCIENCE

   Sampling. Study of samples. Application of soil science in real cases.

   FORENSIC PALYNOLOGY

   Potential of Forensic Palynology. Location of palynomorphs. What do palynomorphs report about.

   FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY

   Historical background. Applications, objectives, bases, and principles of Forensic Entomology. The death squads, according to P. Mégnin. Decomposition process. Succession of insects on the corpse. General study of the cadaveric fauna. Determination of time of death.

2. CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

   In this subject, in addition to general investigative issues, specific techniques such as interrogation, surveillance and monitoring, and police intelligence are studied. The investigation of theft crimes, cybercrimes, and organized crime are also discussed. Some of the topics included are:

   GENERALITIES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

   Proof of the crime. Types of tests. Evolution of the test. Clues and traces. Police treatment of material evidence. Chain of custody. Investigation of crimes.

   BURGLARY INVESTIGATION

   The first questions to ask in the event of a burglary. General observations on this type of crime. Signs of violence in the locks. Other ways of opening locks. Thefts from safes. Thefts with fracture. Examination of broken glass.

   INVESTIGATION OF CYBERCRIMES

   Obtaining the first evidence. Technological research. Securing of electronic evidence. Incriminating phase.

   ORGANIZED CRIME INVESTIGATION

   International organized crime. Operational research techniques. Money laundering. 

   INTERROGATIONS

   Definition and purpose of the interrogation. Prohibited techniques. Characteristics of the interrogator. The place of interrogation. Number of interrogators. Characteristics of the respondents. Interrogation of witnesses. Interrogation of the victim. Difficulties in interrogating suspects. Preparation and planning of the suspect's interrogation. Interrogation Strategies and Techniques. Particularities of the interrogation of terrorists. The Reid technique of interrogation.

   SURVEILLANCE AND MONITORING

   Phases of surveillance and monitoring. Most frequent defects in monitoring. Examples of signals used in surveillance and monitoring.

   POLICE INTELLIGENCE

   Phases of police intelligence. Obtaining information through informers and collaborators. Example of a terrorist group file. Use of ICTs. 

3. POLICE BALLISTICS

   Police ballistics is a branch of general ballistics that is specifically dedicated to the study of weapons and cartridges from the police point of view, divided into interior, exterior, and effects ballistics. A central task of police ballistics is the study of the so-called caliber of a weapon. Therefore, this subject is focused on training in general and police ballistics, weapons, cartridges, and calibers, applicable to modern ballistics laboratories, necessary for research. Some of the topics included are:

   INTRODUCTION TO POLICE BALLISTICS

   Basic classification of ballistics. Introduction to the concept of weapons. Technical concept of weapon. Firearms. Modern percussion systems. Introduction to firearms safety. Safety rules in the shooting gallery.

   GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS

   Classification of weapons based on gunpowder. Classification of weapons according to their use. Definition of firearm by the C.I.P.

   CRIMINALISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PORTABLE FIREARMS

   By the length of the weapon. By its charging and ignition procedure. By its autonomy. By its percussion. By the number of cannons. By its caliber. By its bore. For the purpose of use or employment.

   THE CANNON OF FIREARMS

   Characteristics of striations. The polygonal canyon. Weapon and cartridge measurements. Identification data and name. Smoothbore firearms.

   THE CARTRIDGE

   The metal cartridge. Semi-metallic cartridge. Projectiles for smoothbore weapons. Special cartridges.

   INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BALLISTICS

   Interior ballistics. External ballistics. Effects or terminal ballistics. Identifying ballistics. Current problems of ballistics.

4. FIRE INVESTIGATION OVERVIEW

   In this subject, we will study the training of the fire investigator, the criminal factors that allow us to know the motivations of arson, the basic concepts necessary for the investigation and the development of the visual inspection. Some of the topics included are:

   QUALITIES OF A GOOD RESEARCHER

   Motivations for arson.

   BASIC CONCEPTS OF FIRE THEORY NECESSARY FOR FIRE INVESTIGATION

   SOURCES AND ORIGIN OF FIRE

   The role of apparatus in fire initiation. The role of hot and glowing elements. Critical factors of an arson to distinguish between the work of a professional and an amateur.

   FIRE IN BUILDINGS

   Fire pattern and trend in buildings. Who investigates a fire?

   THE VISUAL INSPECTION

   Objectives and purposes of the visual inspection in fires. Measures prior to the visual inspection. Visual inspection methodology.

   STUDY OF FIRE ORIGINS AND FIRE PHASES

   Method to be chosen for the study of fire initiation. Data collection. Location of the source or point of origin of the fire. Determination of fire phases. Objective elements. Examination of debris.

   CAUSES OF FIRES

   Study of natural or accidental causes. Indications of intentionality in a fire. Material necessary to perform a visual inspection.

   FIRE OPERATIONAL RESEARCH

   Arson investigation planning focused on the private investigator.

   INVESTIGATION OF FIRES IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS AND AUTOMOBILES

5. FIRE AND FOREST FIRES INVESTIGATION TECHNIQUES

   In this subject, we will study the training of the fire investigator when there are explosions and forest fires, as well as the preparation of samples to carry out their study. Some of the topics included are:

   FIRES WITH EXPLOSIONS

   Concept of explosive and explosion. Types of explosions. Investigation of gas fires accompanied by explosion. Explosive range of gases. Density of gases. Other aspects related to explosion cases. Flashover effect. Gas leaks. Ignition source in an explosion.

   VISUAL INSPECTION IN FIRES WITH EXPLOSIONS

   On-site structure and organization. Investigation of evidence at the scene of the crime. Damage to objects. Visual inspection itself. Laboratory study of explosives. Forensic medical autopsy in the case of explosions.

   INTRODUCTION TO FOREST FIRES

   Types of forest fires. Phases of a forest fire. Critical ignition temperature of vegetables and their propagation speed. Factors that determine the behavior of a forest fire. The effects of a forest fire. Circumstances of risk for a forest fire. Signs and indicators marking the direction followed by the fire. Contribution of witnesses to the investigation of a forest fire.

   CAUSES, METHODOLOGY, AND DETECTION OF FOREST FIRES

   PREPARATION OF THE REPORT

   Principles. Structuring. Operational research. Summary with evaluation and discussion of the results. Conclusions of the report. Example of a report. Study of the fire at the Palacio de Congresos y Exposiciones de Madrid.

   LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES COLLECTED AND PARAMETERS TO BE STUDIED

   Samples studied in the laboratory. Combustion accelerants and flammable liquids. Signs indicating the temperatures achieved in a fire. Relationship between metals and their melting temperature. Heat signatures on shiny metals. Fire behavior of combustible materials. Danger of fuel with respect to its ignition. Other factors influencing combustibility.

   STUDY OF FUELS

   Combustible gases and liquids. Combustible solids. The coefficient of expansion.

   HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

   Explosive products. Gases. Flammables and combustibles. Combustible or oxidizing substances. Toxic and infectious substances. Radioactive products. Corrosive substances. Products with multiple risks. Identification and marking of hazardous materials. Action plan in case of an accident. BLEVE. Hazardous waste control.

6. FIRE AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the design of buildings and their safety measures, developing the analytical capacity to be able to assess how a building is designed to fight fire. Some of the topics covered are:

   INTRODUCTION TO THE DESIGN OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES

   Public meeting buildings. Characteristics of public places. Some special considerations. Risks of premises with public concurrence. Some concepts related to security. Educational institutions.

   HOSPITAL INSTITUTIONS

   Purposes of buildings used as hospital institutions. Sources of ignition. Fire load. Disposable materials. Data processing and medical records. The severity of a fire. Construction. Subdivisions of the spaces of a building. Protection of vertical openings. Exits design. Characteristics of the exit routes. Signaling and illumination of the exit routes. Fire alarm. Fire extinguishing equipment. Smoke control. Hazardous area protection. Building services facilities. Emergency planning. Nursing homes and shelters.

   PENITENTIARY INSTITUTIONS

   Prison buildings. The fire problem. The problem of security. Planning and training operations.

   HOTELS, GUESTHOUSES, AND SINGLE-FAMILY HOMES

   APARTMENT BUILDINGS AND OTHER TYPES OF HOUSING

   Characteristics of the buildings. Risks of buildings according to their use. Human security. Prefabricated and recreational mobile homes. Recreational vehicles.

   COMMERCIAL AND OFFICE BUILDINGS

   STORAGE OF GASES AND CHEMICALS

   Gas containers. Gas storage safety. Storage and handling of chemical products. Corrosive products. Radioactive materials. Materials susceptible to self-heating. Transportation of chemical products. Chemical waste disposal.

   STORAGE AND HANDLING OF GRAINS AND DERIVATIVES

7. EXPLOSIVES

   This subject studies the general and main characteristics of explosives, as well as the fundamental principles of an investigation in an explosive attack. Some of the topics included are:

   ELEMENTARY CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND ELECTRICITY

   GENERAL INFORMATION ON EXPLOSIVES

   Characteristics of explosives. Classification of explosives. Industrial and military explosives.

   THE ARTIFICES

   Pyrotechnic devices. Electrical devices. Terrorist artifacts.

   INVESTIGATION AND SEARCH FOR EXPLOSIVE DEVICES

   Correspondence and parcels. Explosion safety measures in sensitive buildings and facilities. Considerations about the power of explosives. Use of detectors.

   ACTION AND ORGANIZATION IN THE EVENT OF THE PLACEMENT OF AN EXPLOSIVE DEVICE

   Cause of bomb threats. Types and nature of communications. Operational performance. Rules to follow in case of evacuation due to a bomb threat. Handling of incidents with explosive devices.

   EXPLOSIVE INJURIES

   Pathogenesis of lesions. Mechanism of action. Explosions in mines. Medicolegal issues.

   NEUTRALIZATION OF EXPLOSIVE DEVICES

   Deactivation of artifacts. Lifting and removal of artifacts. Destruction of explosives.

   INVESTIGATION AT THE EXPLOSION SITE

   First measurements. Visual inspection. Determination of the etiology of the event. Explosives analysis in the laboratory.

8. FORENSIC MEDICINE

   From the point of view of criminalistics, the forensic doctor assists judges and courts in the administration of justice by determining the origin of injuries sustained by a wounded person or the cause of death by examining a corpse, by studying the medical aspects derived from the daily practice of the courts of justice (e.g., maltreatment or forensic sexology), where they act as expert witnesses. Therefore, the main objective of the subject is to teach the student the development of forensic medicine and its fundamental bases. Some of the topics included are:

   INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC MEDICINE

   Generalities of forensic medicine. Study of death. Signs of death due to the establishment of cadaveric phenomena. Signs of death due to cessation of vital functions. Phenomena produced by death at the eye level. Final considerations in the diagnosis of death. Study of cadaveric cooling. Study of cadaveric dehydration. Study of cadaveric lividity. Study of visceral hypostasis. Study of cadaveric stiffness.

   DESTRUCTIVE AND PRESERVATION PROCESSES OF THE CORPSE

   
   

   DEATH. DATING AND CAUSES

   Definition of death and its variants. The dying process. The dating of the time of death. Dating of death by forensic entomology. Study of sudden death. Fatal injuries. Differences produced before or after death. Diagnostic tests to distinguish vital and post-mortem injuries.

   SUICIDE

   Medical-legal problems in suicide. Mechanisms that can lead to suicide. Self-injury. Injuries caused by defense and fighting.

   CONTUSIONS

   Study of simple contusions. Study of complex contusions.

   STAB WOUNDS

   Suicidal, homicidal, or accidental origin of stab wounds.

   BURNS

   Classification of burns. Death due to burns. Cadaveric carbonization. Autopsy of death by burns. Dating of burns. Determination of whether the subject was at the scene of the fire.

   ELECTRICAL ACCIDENTS

   Electrocution. Fulgurations. Injuries caused by caustic agents.

   ASPHYXIA

   Mechanical asphyxia.

   CHILD ABUSE

   Violent death in children.

   SEXUAL FORENSIC MEDICINE

   Deviations of the sexual instinct. Paraphilias. Sexual assaults. Etiological circumstances of sexual aggressions. Sexual assaults in young children. Marriage from the legal point of view. Forensic medicine of the newborn.

3rd PART: Specialty in weaponry (optional)

1. WEAPONRY

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the types of weapons, their operation, and cartridges in order to be able to apply them in the corresponding weapons regulations and their possible use in a ballistics and armament laboratory. Some of the topics covered are:

   FIREARMS

   Muzzleloader. Breech-loading weapon. Forged barrel. Firearms accessories.

   BLADED WEAPONS

   Swords. Razor blades. Knives. Hunting bayonets.

   BASIC INTRODUCTION TO BALLISTICS

   Ammunition. Identification of the projectile. Cartridge case. Projectile. Gunpowder. Percussion cap. Caliber. Identification codes.

   INTRODUCTION TO ARMS REGULATIONS

   General information on weapons regulations. Classification of regulated weapons. Banned weapons. Weapons of war.

   ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN SMALL FIREARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS

   
   

   CONTROL OF TRANSFER OF SENSITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

   Nuclear Suppliers Groups (NSG). Australia Group (AG). Missile technology control regime. Nuclear, biological, chemical, and aerospace technology.

   ASSAULT RIFLES

   History of the assault rifle. Modern assault rifles.

   ASSAULT SUBMACHINE GUNS

2. ANTIQUE WEAPONS

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the history of ancient weapons in order to be able to apply it to the corresponding weapons regulations and their possible use in a ballistics and armament laboratory. Some of the topics included are:

   THE THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH CENTURIES

   Gunpowder. The primitive artillery. The bombards. The hand cannon. The culverins.

   THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY

   Matchlock. The hand cannon. The petronel. Key-operated weapons. The arquebus.

   TECHNICAL ASPECTS

   The Hundred Years' War. The end of the Middle Ages. Direct fire weapons. The matchlock or firelock. The wheellock.

   THE BEGINNING OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY

   Arquebus. New weapons. Harquebuses. Breechloader. The pistol. Flintlock.

   THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY, 1550-1600

   Cartridges. Weapons conditions. Weapons manufacturing. New weapons. The paper cartridge. Weapons of the end of the century.

   THE FLINTLOCK

   The snaphance. Miquelet lock. Modern locks.

   THE BEGINNING OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

   Period weapons. Handling of the musket. Hunting with firearms. New weapons. Repeating firearm.

   SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

   Vintage weapons. Advances. Weapons handling.

   THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

   The end of the musket. New weapons and advances.

3. LONG GUNS

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student everything related to long guns in order to be able to apply it in the corresponding arms regulations and its possible use in a ballistics and armament laboratory. Some of the topics included are:

   THE PERCUSSION SYSTEM OF LONG GUNS

   The Forsyth lock. The Pauly cartridge. The primer capsule. Percussion in Spain. The Hall breech-loader. The Chambers rifle.

   THE BEGINNING OF CARTRIDGES

   Cartridges. The fusillade. The Lefaucheux shotgun. The Dreyse rifle. Other weapons.

   THE BREECHLOADER

   The Dreyse rifle and cartridge and other advances. New initiators. The Houiller cartridge. Mid-century developments. Towards the breechloader.

   REPEATING FIREARMS

   The Henry rifle. The Spencer carbine. The Daw shotgun. The Gatling gun. The Chassepot rifle. The Winchester 66. The Berdan system.

   THE BOLT-ACTION RIFLE

   The Murata rifle. The Mauser-Milanovich rifle. Civilian weapons. The Mauser 71/84. The Lebel rifle and other developments. Military rifles from the end of the century.

   THE GREAT WAR

   1902: The Madsen machine gun. 1903: The Springfield rifle. 1905 developments. 1906: The .30-06 Springfield. 1907-1912: The era of machine guns. 1914-1917: Light automatic weapons. Early submachine guns.

   THE INTERWAR PERIOD

   Automatic weapons. Machine guns. Machine gun rifles. Submachine guns. New machine guns. New submachine guns.

   THE WORLD WAR

   Submachine guns. Assault rifles. New developments. New assault rifles. The 7.62 NATO. Automatic weapons. The INGRAM submachine gun. Modern assault rifles.

4. HANDGUNS

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the different types of handguns from their beginnings to the most modern ones in order to be able to apply such knowledge in ballistics and armament laboratories. Some of the topics included are:

   MUZZLELOADING PISTOLS

   The wheellock. The spark pistol. The percussion lock. Military pistols. Civilian pistols.

   MUZZLELOADING REVOLVERS

   Pepperbox. Muzzleloading revolvers in Spain. Colt revolvers. Other revolvers.

   TRANSITION GUNS

   System pistols. Lefaucheux pistols. Rotating pistols. Cartridge handguns. Remington system pistols. Garrucha pistols. Gallery pistols. Velo-dog pistols. Pepperbox for spike cartridges. Sharps-type guns.

   METAL-CARTRIDGE REVOLVERS

   Lefaucheux revolvers. Galand and Spirlet revolvers. Smith revolvers. Merwin revolvers. Colt revolvers. Gas extraction revolvers. Bulldog revolvers. Puppy revolvers. Velo-Dog revolvers. Automatic revolvers. Ordnance revolvers. Nagant revolvers. Oscillating revolvers.

   SEMI-AUTOMATIC PISTOLS

   Schwarzlose pistol. Borchardt pistol. Mauser 96 pistol. Luger pistol. 1901 Mannlicher pistol. Charola pistol. 1900 Browning pistol. Spanish pistols.

   REVOLVERS

   Arminius revolvers. Astra revolvers. Colt revolvers. Dan Wesson revolvers. Ruger revolvers.

   MODERN PISTOLS

   Glock pistol. Beretta pistols. FN pistol. Colt pistol. CZ pistol. HK pistols. IMI pistols. Ruger pistol. Sig Sauer pistols. Smith & Wesson pistols. Tanfoglio guns. Walther pistol.

   MACHINE PISTOLS

   Spanish Mausers. Astra pistol. Eibar pistols. The Star pistol. Other machine pistols. Glock pistol. Beretta pistol. Pistols or submachine guns.

   OTHER PISTOLS

   Inert weapons. Detonating weapons. Weapons that fire gases. Weapons that fire projectiles. Compressed air weapons.

5. WEAPONS OF WAR

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student everything related to the weapons of war in order to be able to apply it in the corresponding weapons regulations and its possible use in a ballistics and armament laboratory. Some of the topics included are:

   THE BREECHLOADER RIFLES

   Dreyse rifle. Sharp's carbine. Rolling Block rifle. Springfield-Allin rifle. Chassepot rifle. Berdan rifle. Mauser-Norris rifle. Martini-Henry rifle. 1871 Mauser rifle. 1874 Gras rifle. 1880 Mauser rifle.

   REPEATING RIFLES

   1881 Jarmann rifle. 1886 Lebel rifle. 1890 Berthier carbine. 1886 Guedes rifle. 1888 Commission rifle. 1889 Lee-Metford rifle. 1889 Schmidt-Rubin rifle. 1889 Krag-Jorgensen rifle. 1891 Mosin-Nagant rifle. 1891 Parravicino-Carcano rifle. 1895 Mannlicher rifle.

   THE MAUSER RIFLES

   Spanish Mauser rifle model 1892. Spanish Mauser rifle model 1893. Spanish Mauser carbine model 1893. Mauser karabiner model 1943. Mauser karabiner model 1944. Mauser karabiner model FR-7. Mauser karabiner model FR-8.

   SEMI-AUTOMATIC RIFLES

   Mondragón rifle. Fedorov rifle. Pedersen rifle. Garand rifle. Johnson rifle. SKS carbine. US M1 carbine. Tokarev rifle. Ljungman rifle. MAS-49 rifle. Vz. 52 rifle. M-14 rifle.

   ASSAULT RIFLES: GERMAN DEVELOPMENTS AND FIRST GENERATION ASSAULT RIFLES

   StG 44 rifle. FG 42 rifle. The G-3 family. G11 rifle. The Kalashnikovs. The beginning of first-generation rifles. FAL. M16.

   SECOND GENERATION ASSAULT RIFLES

   Enfield rifle. FAMAS rifle. Steyr AUG rifle. SG 550/551 rifle.

   MACHINE GUN RIFLES

   
   

   MACHINE GUNS

   Gatling machine gun. Nordenfelt machine gun. Gardner machine gun. Maxim machine gun. Vickers machine gun. Browning machine guns. MG 13 machine gun. MG 34 machine gun. MG 42 machine gun. Ameli machine gun. Fiat machine guns. Goryunov machine gun. Hotchkiss machine gun. Lewis machine gun. M60 machine gun. MAG machine gun.

   ROCKET LAUNCHERS, BAZOOKAS, AND GRENADE LAUNCHERS

   
   

   HAND GRENADES, RIFLE GRENADES, AND MORTARS

6. SHOOTING

   In this subject, we will study the general considerations of shooting, highlighting the technique, the development of training plans, as well as the differences between the various shooting modalities. Among the topics addressed are:

   SHOOTING AND ITS FUNDAMENTALS

   Marksmanship equipment. Relationship between point and elevation. Marksmanship. Shooting errors. Scope centering. Firing technique. Study of marksmanship. Sight and aim. Optical phenomena that can influence the shot.

   ANATOMY OF THE SHOT. ALIGNMENT, POSITION, AND EXECUTION OF THE SHOT

   Position, posture, and alignment. Aiming and stopping the gun. Firing the gun. The influence of breathing.

   PISTOL GRIPS

   Types and forms. Alignment with the target to achieve a good grip. Weapon deviations. Grip arrangements.

   PHYSICAL PREPARATION OF THE SHOOTER

   Fundamental physical preparation. Specific shooting preparation. Conditioned reflexes. Shooter's equipment. Shooter's ear.

   TRAINING

   Development of a training plan.

   COMBAT SHOOTING

   Characteristics of combat shooting. Ways to hold a weapon. Instinctive shooting. Bulletproof vests.

   THE VARIOUS TYPES OF SHOOTING

   Free pistol. Pneumatic pistol. Rapid fire pistol. Standard pistol and sport pistol. Center fire or large-caliber handgun. Practical shooting ranges.

7. POLICE BALLISTICS

   Police ballistics is a branch of general ballistics that is specifically dedicated to the study of weapons and cartridges from the police point of view, divided into interior, exterior, and effects ballistics. A central task of police ballistics is the study of the so-called caliber of a weapon. Therefore, this subject is focused on training in general and police ballistics, weapons, cartridges, and calibers, applicable to modern ballistics laboratories, necessary for research. Some of the topics included are:

   INTRODUCTION TO POLICE BALLISTICS

   Basic classification of ballistics. Introduction to the concept of weapons. Technical concept of weapon. Firearms. Modern percussion systems. Introduction to firearms safety. Safety rules in the shooting gallery.

   GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS

   Classification of weapons based on gunpowder. Classification of weapons according to their use. Definition of firearm by the C.I.P.

   CRIMINALISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PORTABLE FIREARMS

   By the length of the weapon. By its charging and ignition procedure. By its autonomy. By its percussion. By the number of cannons. By its caliber. By its bore. For the purpose of use or employment.

   THE CANNON OF FIREARMS

   Characteristics of striations. The polygonal canyon. Weapon and cartridge measurements. Identification data and name. Smoothbore firearms.

   THE CARTRIDGE

   The metal cartridge. Semi-metallic cartridge. Projectiles for smoothbore weapons. Special cartridges.

   INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BALLISTICS

   Interior ballistics. External ballistics. Effects or terminal ballistics. Identifying ballistics. Current problems of ballistics.

8. FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   In this subject, we will study the parts of the cartridge, the operation of the weapons, the firing process, the ballistic indications, and all the necessary tests to discover which weapon has fired, the caliber, the firing distance, as well as the injuries produced in a human body. Some of the topics covered are:

   APPROACH TO FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   Generalities of the visual inspection in crimes with firearms. Preliminary examination. Witness statements.

   FIREARM INJURIES

   Classification of firearms. Elements that make up a shot. Morphology of firearm wounds. Medical-legal problems in firearm injuries. Explosions. Types of blast injuries.

   VISUAL INSPECTION AND ANALYTICAL FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   Identifying and comparative ballistics. Repetitive and accidental marks related to forensic ballistics. Marks on the bullet. Control bullets collection systems. Methods of bullet comparison in forensic ballistics. Additional markings and objects attached to the fired bullets. Study of bullet deformation in relation to technical police investigation. Forensic ballistic study on marks on the cartridge case. Identification of gunpowder traces in the visual inspection. Different systems for the collection of gunshot residues for transfer to the laboratory. Techniques for the investigation of gunpowder traces in the laboratory. Analytical procedures to identify antimony and barium. Other microchemical methods to detect substances derived from a gunshot. Method of searching for metallic residues in the interior of a firearm.

   INDICATIONS AND SUPPORT FOR THE PREPARATION OF A FORENSIC BALLISTICS REPORT

   Sequences on safety measures in the handling of a weapon. Micro-comparative study. Basic safety equipment. Laser trajectory finder kit. Reconstruction of the numbering of an erased gun. Sample report. Most frequent types of forensic ballistics studies.

   NOTIONS OF CALIBER AND CARTRIDGE IN FORENSIC BALLISTICS. COLLECTION OF USEFUL PARAMETERS TO KNOW

   Shotgun caliber. Caliber of smoothbore weapons. The caliber of rifled-bore weapons. Evolution of cartridges. Cartridge case. Initiating systems. Initiating explosives. Bullet. Crimping and bullet manufacturing process. Hunting bullets. Handgun bullets. Lead bullets. Compressed air pellets. Gunpowder.

4th PART: SPECIALIZATION IN BALLISTICS (elective)

1. WEAPONRY

   The main objective of this subject is to teach the student the types of weapons, their operation, and cartridges in order to be able to apply them in the corresponding weapons regulations and their possible use in a ballistics and armament laboratory. Some of the topics covered are:

   FIREARMS

   Muzzleloader. Breech-loading weapon. Forged barrel. Firearms accessories.

   BLADED WEAPONS

   Swords. Razor blades. Knives. Hunting bayonets.

   BASIC INTRODUCTION TO BALLISTICS

   Ammunition. Identification of the projectile. Cartridge case. Bullet. Gunpowder. Percussion cap. Caliber. Identification codes.

   INTRODUCTION TO ARMS REGULATIONS

   General information on weapons regulations. Classification of regulated weapons. Banned weapons. Weapons of war.

   ILLICIT TRAFFICKING IN SMALL FIREARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS

   
   

   CONTROL OF TRANSFER OF SENSITIVE TECHNOLOGIES

   Nuclear Suppliers Groups (NSG). Australia Group (AG). Missile technology control regime. Nuclear, biological, chemical, and aerospace technology.

   ASSAULT RIFLES

   History of the assault rifle. Modern assault rifles.

   ASSAULT SUBMACHINE GUNS

2. GENERAL BALLISTICS

   This subject studies the history of ballistics, its various classifications, the factors that influence the mechanics of shooting, and the development of the barrel of a firearm as analogous disciplines, necessary for a good ballistics and armament technician. Some of the topics covered are:

   INTRODUCTION TO BALLISTICS

   Classification of ballistics. Introduction to the concept of weaponry.

   INTERNAL BALLISTICS

   Percussion. The piston. Combustion of gunpowder. Pressure increase and gas sealing. The mechanics of shooting. Other factors that influence the mechanics of the shot. Gun recoil.

   EXTERNAL BALLISTICS

   Practical ballistic trajectories. Development and theory of external ballistics.

   TERMINAL OR EFFECT BALLISTICS

   History. Shock wave. Tests with live animals. Thompson-LaGarde commission tests. Penetrating power and stopping power. Measures of effect.

   THE BARREL IN FIREARMS

   Shape and length of the barrel. Weapon caliber.

   GUNPOWDER

   Black powder. Magnitudes related to the deflagration of gunpowder. Difference between gunpowder and high explosives. Determination of gunpowder by qualitative assessment. Gunpowder additives.

3. EXTERIOR BALLISTICS

   This subject studies the external ballistics of all types of firearms. In addition to necessary reviews of general ballistics, the basic parameters that a good armament and ballistics technician should know are covered, which help solve practical problems. Some of the topics included are:

   BALLISTIC CONSIDERATIONS

   Ballistic process. Speed. Effective range. Accuracy. Recoil. Muzzle blast. Projectiles.

   THE TRACING OF THE TRAJECTORY

   Points. Planes. Curved lines. Straight lines. Angles with the horizon. Angles with the trajectory. Distances.

   TRAJECTORY IN A VACUUM

   Gravity acceleration. Trajectory. Projectile velocity. Properties.

   AIR RESISTANCE AND FORM FACTOR

   Studies on air resistance. Sectional density. Ballistic coefficient. Air density. Velocity factor. Trajectory. Shape coefficient. Projectile deviation.

   FIRING TABLES

   Beaten space. Determination of variables. 7mm caliber Mauser rifle. 7.92mm caliber Mauser Karabiner. 7.62mm caliber Cetme assault rifle. 7.92mm caliber Oviedo machine gun. 7.92mm caliber ZB machine gun. 7.92mm caliber Alfa machine gun. 7.62mm caliber MG machine gun. Commercial tables.

   ACCURACY

   Dispersion. Probabilities. Shot dispersion and accuracy. Aiming elements. Evolution of sights. Open sights. Point. Rear sight. Diopter. Optical scopes. Optical determinations. Ocular occlusion scopes. Optronic scopes. Laser emitters.

4. INTERIOR BALLISTICS

   This subject studies the ballistic processes that affect the gun-cartridge combination, the factors that influence the mechanics of firing, and the development of the barrel of a firearm as analogous disciplines, necessary for a good ballistics and armament technician. Some of the topics included are:

   GUN-CARTRIDGE SET

   The thermal machine. Cartridge composition. Gunpowder. Initiators. Cartridge case. Bullets.

   SEATING IN THE CHAMBER

   Cartridge cases. Cartridge seating. Breech clearance. Maximum cartridge and minimum chamber.

   PERCUSSION AND IGNITION

   Fire shot. The percussion lock. Firing chain. Needle-fired system. Hammer percussion system. The cap and the fulminant.

   COMBUSTION OF GUNPOWDER

   Explosive substance. Detonation and combustion. General gunpowder problem. Black powder. Single-base gunpowder. Double-base gunpowder. Triple-base gunpowder. Shape of the gunpowders. Characteristics and properties of gunpowder.

   CHAMBER PRESSURE

   Combustion chamber. Load density. Gunpowder load. Measurement of the pressure. External signs of overpressure.

   CALIBER

   The caliber between fields. Bullet caliber. Caliber between grooves. Other calibers. Actual and nominal caliber. Designation of cartridges.

   BARREL

   Rifled bore. Manufacture of barrels. Minie ball. Smoothbore barrel. Chokes.

   RIFLED BORE

   Rifled barrel. In ancient times. Elaboration of the rifling. Rifling shape. Rifling pitch. Rotation speed. Polygonal bore.

   BALLISTIC CALCULATIONS

5. FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   In this subject, we will study the parts of the cartridge, the operation of the weapons, the firing process, the ballistic indications, and all the necessary tests to discover which weapon has fired, the caliber, the firing distance, as well as the injuries produced in a human body. Some of the topics covered are:

   APPROACH TO FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   Generalities of the visual inspection in crimes with firearms. Preliminary examination. Witness statements.

   FIREARM INJURIES

   Classification of firearms. Elements that make up a shot. Morphology of firearm wounds. Medical-legal problems in firearm injuries. Explosions. Types of blast injuries.

   VISUAL INSPECTION AND ANALYTICAL FORENSIC BALLISTICS

   Identifying and comparative ballistics. Repetitive and accidental marks related to forensic ballistics. Marks on the bullet. Control bullets collection systems. Methods of bullet comparison in forensic ballistics. Additional markings and objects attached to the fired bullets. Study of bullet deformation in relation to technical police investigation. Forensic ballistic study on marks on the cartridge case. Identification of gunpowder traces in the visual inspection. Different systems for the collection of gunshot residues for transfer to the laboratory. Techniques for the investigation of gunpowder traces in the laboratory. Analytical procedures to identify antimony and barium. Other microchemical methods to detect substances derived from a gunshot. Method of searching for metallic residues in the interior of a firearm.

   INDICATIONS AND SUPPORT FOR THE PREPARATION OF A FORENSIC BALLISTICS REPORT

   Sequences on safety measures in the handling of a weapon. Micro-comparative study. Basic safety equipment. Laser trajectory finder kit. Reconstruction of the numbering of an erased gun. Sample report. Most frequent types of forensic ballistics studies.

   NOTIONS OF CALIBER AND CARTRIDGE IN FORENSIC BALLISTICS. COLLECTION OF USEFUL PARAMETERS TO KNOW

   Shotgun caliber. Caliber of smoothbore weapons. The caliber of rifled-bore weapons. Evolution of cartridges. Cartridge case. Initiating systems. Initiating explosives. Bullet. Crimping and bullet manufacturing process. Hunting bullets. Handgun bullets. Lead bullets. Compressed air pellets. Gunpowder.

6. POLICE BALLISTICS

   Police ballistics is a branch of general ballistics specifically dedicated to the study of weapons and cartridges from a police perspective, divided into interior, exterior, and effects ballistics. A central task of police ballistics is the study of the so-called caliber of a weapon. Therefore, this subject is focused on training in general and police ballistics, weapons, cartridges, and calibers, applicable to modern ballistics laboratories, necessary for research. Some of the topics included are:

   INTRODUCTION TO POLICE BALLISTICS

   Basic classification of ballistics. Introduction to the concept of weapons. Technical concept of a weapon. Firearms. Modern percussion systems. Introduction to firearms safety. Safety rules in the shooting gallery.

   GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF WEAPONS

   Classification of weapons based on gunpowder. Classification of weapons according to their use. Definition of a firearm by the C.I.P.

   CRIMINALISTIC CLASSIFICATION OF PORTABLE FIREARMS

   By the length of the weapon. By its charging and ignition procedure. By its autonomy. By its percussion. By the number of barrels. By its caliber. By its bore. By the purpose of use or employment.

   THE CANNON OF FIREARMS

   Characteristics of rifling. The polygonal bore. Weapon and cartridge measurements. Identification data and designation. Smoothbore firearms.

   THE CARTRIDGE

   The metal cartridge. Semi-metallic cartridge. Projectiles for smoothbore weapons. Special cartridges.

   INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL BALLISTICS

   Interior ballistics. External ballistics. Effects or terminal ballistics. Identifying ballistics. Current problems in ballistics.

7. TERMINAL BALLISTICS

   In this subject, the general considerations of terminal ballistics are studied, highlighting the stopping and penetrating power, lead patterns, the behavior of various projectiles, as well as the stopping powers and injurious effects of different projectiles. Some of the topics included are:

   BALLISTIC CONSIDERATIONS

   Generalities of terminal ballistics. Objectives of terminal ballistics. Ballistic process. Mass and weight. Speed. Effective range. Accuracy.

   KINETIC ENERGY

   Energy issues. Shotgun cartridges. Supersonic flight. Penetration and perforation.

   STOPPING POWER

   Studies and tests. Josserand's system. Shotgun cartridges. Hatcher's system.

   PENETRATION POWER

   Shotgun cartridges. Josserand's system. Penetration and stopping.

   LEAD

   Chokes. Flight of pellets. Lead measurement. Pellets. Hunting applications. Police applications.

   BEHAVIOR OF BULLETS

   Bullet factors. Bullet deformation. Types of bullets. Effects of ammunition.

   OTHER STOPPING POWERS

   Shape factor. Matunas method. Comparison of stopping powers.

   HARMFUL EFFECTS

   Energy transmission. Fatal injuries. Elements of gunshot wounds. Projectile entry wounds. Atypical wounds caused by bullets. Trajectory of gunshot wounds. Projectile exit wounds. High-velocity bullet wounds. Buckshot wounds.

8. CARTRIDGES

   The objective of this subject is to learn about the different types of cartridges used in revolvers, pistols, rifles, and shotguns. Some of the topics studied are:

   INTRODUCTION TO CARTRIDGES

   Paper cartridge. Primer. Cartridge case.

   DESIGNATION OF CARTRIDGES

   Caliber between fields. Bullet caliber. Caliber between rifling grooves. Actual and nominal caliber. European system. American system. English system. Semi-metallic cartridges.

   CARTRIDGE APPLICATIONS

   Military cartridges. Police cartridges. Self-defense cartridges. Sporting cartridges. Industrial cartridges.

   REVOLVER CARTRIDGES

   Characteristics of revolver cartridges. Main revolver cartridges.

   PISTOL CARTRIDGES

   Characteristics of pistol cartridges. Main pistol cartridges.

   RIFLE CARTRIDGES

   Characteristics of rifle cartridges. Main rifle cartridges.

   SHOTGUN CARTRIDGES

   Elements of shotgun cartridges. Ballistics of cartridges. Use of cartridges.

5th PART: METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND FINAL PROJECT(required)

1. METHODOLOGY OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

   This subject familiarizes students with the scientific context of research and its conceptual and methodological requirements. It presents the different stages of a research process, fostering the development of skills and abilities in the methodological design of the Final Project, as well as in the elaboration of the research report. Some of the topics covered are:

   EPISTEMOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

   What is epistemology? What is a paradigm? Knowledge and science. Positive empirical conception. Hermeneutic or interpretative conception. Poiesis and praxis: a key to understanding paradigms.

   THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH PROCESS

   Stages of the process. How to initiate an investigation? The project: starting point. Choice of topic. Formulation of the problem. Formulation of research questions. Definition of objectives. Development of hypotheses. Justification of the research. Definition of the title.

   CONSTRUCTION OF THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

   What is a theoretical framework? Literature review: documentation and information search. What to look for: primary, secondary, and tertiary sources. Where to search: virtual and/or physical locations. What literature to consult in depth: criteria for selection. How to read academic texts: strategies for reading and understanding written texts. Reproducing / understanding a text: beyond all or nothing. Useful tips for reading academic texts. How to record the information? Developing the theoretical framework: guiding principles.

   DESIGN OF THE METHODOLOGICAL STRATEGY

   Definition of the research design type. Classification of variables. Operational definition of the variable. Sampling. Data collection techniques and instruments. Participant observation. Nominal group. DELPHI technique. In-depth interviews. Discussion groups. Life history. Procedures for data analysis. Qualitative data analysis. Content analysis. Discourse analysis.

   THE RESEARCH REPORT

   Parts of a written research report. Formal aspects of writing scientific papers. Composition of written texts: the writing process. Textual issues. Basic textual properties. International bibliographic citation standards. General rules for in-text citations. Bibliographical references at the end of the text. Criteria for self-evaluating a research report.

2. FINAL PROJECT

   The Master's Degree Final Project (TFM) involves the development of an applied project that contributes novelty to the field of knowledge of the study program. The TFM must be prepared according to the guidelines and regulations required for such an activity. Throughout the process, students will receive guidance from academic staff and a TFM director, who is an expert in the subject under study.